Places change. Learn why, and how to explain it.

Cambridge IGCSE Geography 0460 is ten topics - five physical and five human - plus the geographical skills that are examined across every component. Each of the ten topics has its own revision page here, and so do the skills: twelve pages, in Cambridge's own order.

Physical Geography is five topics: Changing river environments, Changing coastal environments, Changing ecosystems, Tectonic hazards and Climate change. Between them they carry the drainage basin and the Bradshaw model, the landforms of rivers and coasts from waterfalls, meanders and levees to headlands, caves, arches, stacks and spits, the Antarctic and tropical rainforest ecosystems, the four types of plate boundary and how the hazards they cause are managed, and the causes, impacts and responses to climate change. Paper 1 examines these five.

Human Geography is five more: Changing populations, Changing towns and cities, Development, Changing economies and Resource provision. They cover the demographic transition model and international migration, urban growth and what it does to the rural-urban fringe, the development gap and the Human Development Index, globalisation and transnational corporations, and food and energy supply. Paper 2 examines these five.

Geographical Skills is the third strand: Maps, graphs and cartographic skills and Fieldwork, investigation and geographical data skills. The 2027 syllabus removed the separate skills paper and tests these across the components instead, so they are content to revise rather than an afterthought - grid references, cross-sections, isoline and flow-line maps, transects, and the sampling decisions behind a piece of fieldwork.

0460 has one route - there is no Core and Extended split - and all candidates take three components. Paper 1 Physical Geography and Paper 2 Human Geography are compulsory and externally assessed. The third is your school's choice: Component 3 Coursework, a centre-set fieldwork assignment of 1800-2200 words, or Paper 4 Geographical Investigations, a written paper taken instead. Grades run from A* to G.

One thing is worth knowing before you start revising. This syllabus names no case studies: Cambridge says plainly that named detailed specific examples are not included, so that teachers can choose the ones that suit their candidates, and it asks for examples from 2000 to the present day. So this site teaches the process, the landform and the shape of a strong answer, and expects you to bring your own named example to it - which is how the questions here are written.

• AO1 32% — Knowledge and understanding of geographical terms, concepts, principles, models, and the location and character of environments and places
• AO2 48% — Skills and analysis - selecting and using geographical skills, and interpreting, organising, presenting and analysing data
• AO3 20% — Evaluation and decision-making - judging the importance of geographical factors and processes, and making and justifying a decision

The full topic list, with every topic linked to its revision page, is on the IGCSE Geography syllabus page. Work through the areas below in order, or jump straight to what you need tonight.